Month: May 2025
Regional labor market information
- Labor demand in northern Idaho was robust in April 2025, with a total of 2,123 unique job postings in the region. This number was elevated relative to both the previous month, with 2,078 postings in March 2025, and year over year, with April 2024 having 1,623 postings. Unemployment increased slightly to 4.7% in April, compared to 4.4% in March and 4.5% in April of 2024. Total employment and labor force both increased slightly year over year.
Northern Idaho seasonally adjusted data | Apr-25 (P) | Mar-25 (R) | Apr-24 (B) |
---|---|---|---|
Civilian labor force | 132,466 | 131,910 | 129,052 |
Total employment | 126,286 | 126,055 | 123,213 |
Unemployment | 6,180 | 5,855 | 5,839 |
% of labor force unemployed | 4.7% | 4.4% | 4.5% |
Source: Idaho Department of Labor | P – Preliminary, R – Revised, B – Benchmarked |
Top 10 occupations by unique job postings in northern Idaho | Postings, Apr-25 | Postings, Apr-24 |
---|---|---|
Registered nurses | 124 | 64 |
Retail salespersons | 93 | 90 |
Home health and personal care aides | 65 | 34 |
Customer service representatives | 53 | 25 |
Heavy and tractor trailer truck drivers | 43 | 20 |
First-line supervisors of retail sales workers | 39 | 23 |
Fast food and counter workers | 36 | 30 |
Food service managers | 34 | 23 |
Laborers, freight, stock, material movers and hand | 33 | 28 |
Cashiers | 32 | 26 |
Source: Conference Board data via Lightcast |
Top 10 industries by unique job postings in northern Idaho | Postings, Apr-25 | Postings, Apr-24 |
---|---|---|
Health care and social assistance | 307 | 197 |
Retail trade | 228 | 200 |
Administrative and support services | 191 | 133 |
Accommodation and food services | 133 | 131 |
Wholesale trade | 963 | 61 |
Manufacturing | 91 | 101 |
Finance and insurance | 89 | 88 |
Professional, scientific and technical services | 76 | 60 |
Construction | 66 | 53 |
Real estate, rental and leasing | 45 | 35 |
Source: Conference Board data via Lightcast |
Top 10 hardest-to-fill occupations in northern Idaho | Median duration Apr-25 | Median duration Apr-24 |
---|---|---|
Transportation, storage and distribution managers | 24 | N/A |
Occupational therapists | 24 | N/A |
Graphic designers | 24 | N/A |
Production workers and all other | 23 | N/A |
Grinding, lapping, polishing, buffing machine tool setters, operators, tenders, metal and plastic | 23 | N/A |
Logging equipment operators | 23 | N/A |
Loan officers | 22 | N/A |
Maids and housekeeping cleaners | 21 | N/A |
Teaching assistants, except postsecondary | 21 | N/A |
Heating, air conditioning, refrigeration mechanics and installers | 21 | N/A |
Source: Conference Board data via Lightcast |
Regional news
Kootenai County
- North Idaho College’s (NIC) trustees voted unanimously to bring forward a $58.9 million budget for fiscal year 2026 which includes the college’s first tuition increase since 2019. The budget proposal includes a tuition increase of $5.50 per credit for in-district students and $6 per credit for all other students. The budget proposal would shrink NIC’s budget deficit from $5.2 million in fiscal year 2025 to $1.2 million in the upcoming fiscal year. Even with the proposed tuition increase, NIC’s tuition rates would remain tied with the College of Southern Idaho, which is the lowest in the state. Source: Coeur d’Alene Press
- School levies in Post Falls and Lakeland School District passed with 62% and 66% support, respectively. Post Falls passed a $5.9 million per year supplemental levy which will support extracurriculars, school safety measures, staff salaries and other items. Lakeland passed a $7.5 million per year supplemental levy. Source: Coeur d’Alene Press
- The Post Falls City Council approved a $11.7 million project to design and build a new public works operations center. The new facility will eventually house the city’s streets, water operations and utility divisions. Source: Coeur d’Alene Press
Openings
- Selkirk Pickleball Pro Shop (Dalton Gardens)
- Alani Bakery, LLC (Coeur d’Alene)
- 208Massage&Spa (Coeur d’Alene)
- Houston Texas Hot Chicken (Post Falls)
- Moon River Thai Kitchen (Post Falls)
- Bean & Bubb Coffee (Rathdrum)
- Capriotti’s (Post Falls)
This Idaho Department of Labor project is funded by the U.S. Department of Labor for SFY25 as part of the Workforce Information grant (40%) and state/nonfederal funds (60%) totaling $885,703.
This workforce product was funded by a grant awarded by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment and Training Administration. The product was created by the recipient and does not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Labor. The U.S. Department of Labor makes no guarantees, warranties, or assurances of any kind, express or implied, with respect to such information, including any information on linked sites and including, but not limited to, accuracy of the information or its completeness, timeliness, usefulness, adequacy, continued availability, or ownership. This product is copyrighted by the institution that created it. Internal use by an organization and/or personal use by an individual for non-commercial purposes is permissible. All other uses require the prior authorization of the copyright owner.
Regional labor market information
Southwestern Idaho’s single-family home sales – April 2024 and 2025
Median price sold | 2025 | 2024 | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Ada | $545,821 | $555,000 | -1.7% |
Adams | $475,000 | $467,000 | 1.7% |
Boise | $537,450 | $512,900 | 4.8% |
Canyon | $415,000 | $430,000 | -3.5% |
Elmore | $362,990 | $359,990 | 0.8% |
Gem | $470,000 | $514,950 | -8.7% |
Owyhee | $350,000 | $429,250 | -18.5% |
Payette | $389,322 | $360,999 | 7.8% |
Valley | $830,000 | $804,000 | 3.2% |
Washington | $321,449 | $300,000 | 7.1% |
Source: Intermountain Multiple Listing Service |
Days on market | 2025 | 2024 | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Ada | 40 | 37 | 8.1% |
Adams | 309 | 47 | 557.4% |
Boise | 75 | 52 | 44.2% |
Canyon | 48 | 50 | -4.0% |
Elmore | 66 | 43 | 53.5% |
Gem | 56 | 44 | 27.3% |
Owyhee | 29 | 42 | -31.0% |
Payette | 96 | 65 | 47.7% |
Valley | 107 | 76 | 40.8% |
Washington | 55 | 20 | 175.0% |
Regional average days | 88 | 48 | 85.1% |
Source: Intermountain Multiple Listing Service |
Inventory | 2025 | 2024 | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Ada | 1,890 | 1,394 | 35.6% |
Adams | 31 | 29 | 6.9% |
Boise | 119 | 87 | 36.8% |
Canyon | 1,135 | 953 | 19.1% |
Elmore | 139 | 80 | 73.8% |
Gem | 118 | 89 | 32.6% |
Owyhee | 24 | 22 | 9.1% |
Payette | 109 | 102 | 6.9% |
Valley | 131 | 108 | 21.3% |
Washington | 45 | 61 | -26.2% |
Regional totals | 3,741 | 2,925 | 27.9% |
Source: Intermountain Multiple Listing Service |
Total homes sold | 2025 | 2024 | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Ada | 742 | 755 | -1.7% |
Adams | 1 | 5 | -80.0% |
Boise | 10 | 6 | 66.7% |
Canyon | 495 | 429 | 15.4% |
Elmore | 37 | 35 | 5.7% |
Gem | 25 | 30 | -16.7% |
Owyhee | 5 | 8 | -37.5% |
Payette | 44 | 27 | 63.0% |
Valley | 15 | 7 | 114.3% |
Washington | 8 | 9 | -11.1% |
SW sold and % change | 1,382 | 1,311 | 5.4% |
Source: Intermountain Multiple Listing Service |
Southwestern Idaho job postings | Apr-24 | Aprr-25 | % change | # change |
---|---|---|---|---|
Unique postings | 9,978 | 11,033 | 10.6% | 1,055 |
Days posted | 11 | 11 | 0.0% | 0 |
Number of employers | 2,747 | 2,796 | 1.8% | 49 |
Advertised wage | $23.69 | $27.38 | 15.6% | $3.69 |
Share wage advertisements | 43% | 51% | 18.6% | 8% |
Source: Help Wanted Online data via Lightcast |
Top 10 occupations by unique job postings in southwestern Idaho | Postings, Apr-25 | Postings, Apr-24 | Year over year % change |
---|---|---|---|
Registered nurses | 358 | 315 | 13.7% |
Retail salespersons | 272 | 304 | -10.5% |
Customer service representatives | 253 | 172 | 47.1% |
Sales representatives, wholesale, manufacturing, except technical and scientific products | 226 | 191 | 18.3% |
Trailer-tractor truck drivers | 216 | 151 | 43.0% |
Software developers | 172 | 186 | -7.5% |
Janitors and cleaners | 135 | 120 | 12.5% |
First-line supervisors of retail sales workers | 131 | 152 | -13.8% |
Project managers | 130 | 113 | 3.5% |
Business development and sales managers | 117 | 71 | 0.0% |
Source: Help Wanted Online data via Lightcast |
Regional news
Educational bonds and levies
- Middleton School District’s $19.9 million bond achieved 53% of the voters’ support but did not meet the super majority of required votes — nearly 67%. This is the 7th failed bond for the school district that has two of its three elementary schools over capacity while the third is at 90%. Voter turnout was low at 11% of registered voters. Leadership indicated the need is not going away. In 2024, Middleton was the 8th fastest growing city in Idaho, with an average growth rate of 5% over the last four years. Source: Vintage 2024 Population Estimates Program, U.S. Census Bureau, Idaho Education News
- Fruitland voters passed a $1.8 million, two-year levy with 56% support — a simple majority was required. Fruitland High School will gain a new math curriculum, security enhancements, adding air conditioning, renovations to the gym and its track and field facilities. The middle school will also gain necessary air conditioning. The levy costs taxpayers $40 per $100,000 assessed property value after state property tax relief. Source: Idaho Education News
- Horseshoe Bend passed a $600,000, two-year levy, with 61% approval. This funding will be utilized across the school district for needs that include a preschool program, facilities updates and maintenance, technology, curriculum and a school resource officer among other requisites. The levy costs $68 per $100,000 assessed property value before state property tax relief. Source: Idaho Education News
- New Plymouth passed a $700,000, two-year levy with 72% support from voters. The levy pays for teachers and support staff, along with a new school bus, instructional and athletic supplies. It will cost taxpayers $39 per $100,000 assessed value before state property tax relief. Source: Idaho Education News
- Parma School District passed a $1.3 million, two-year levy with 65% of voter approval. The funding covers two new school buses, staff salaries, teacher salaries, coaching stipends, a school resource officer, counselor, heating, ventilation and air conditioning repairs and extracurricular transportation. Source: Idaho Education News
- Vallivue School District patrons approved a $14 million, two-year levy with 62% support. The largest impact from the levy is for teacher and staff salaries. Other funding goes toward enhancement programs, transportation, technology, devices support and classroom curriculum. The levy costs the taxpayer $65 per $100,000 of assessed property value before the state property tax relief. Source: Idaho Education News
Municipal levies
- Fire district levies failed in the combined district serving the Middleton and Star communities, both ballots were for $2.23 million towards permanent override levies for each community. Both communities voted while neither the requisite super majority of 66.67% for the third time with Middleton garnering 51.1% support and Star receiving 54.7% support. The Middleton levy would have resulted in a $61.72 increase per $100,000 of assessed property value. The Star increase would have resulted in an additional $44.79 per $100,000 of assessed property value. The permanent override levies will likely be presented to the voters again with a new fire station nearing completion of construction and a new fire truck. Yet, the district has no funding to hire 9 to12 firefighters. Source: Idaho Press
- Canyon County voters passed a temporary override levy of $7.9 million to fund the Canyon County Ambulance District requiring a simple majority achieved with 58.1% approval. This comes after two attempts to pass permanent override levies failed in 2024 when a super majority was not achieved. Funds will go towards building a new station or renovation in partnership with St. Alphonsus Health System. It will fund the hiring of seven paramedics, purchasing a new ambulance, replacing outdated medical equipment and more. The levy adds $18.62 per $100,000 assessed property value. The temporary status of the levy means it will return to the voters every two years. Source: Idaho Press
Ada County
- A celebration was held in honor of the Italian consulate office opening in Boise. The Honorary Consul of Italy in Idaho was introduced along with other dignitaries staffing the consul in San Francisco. The office will work towards advancing business interests between Italy and Boise. It will also provide visa, passport and fingerprinting services for travelers. Source: Idaho Press
Canyon County
- Northwest Nazarene University (NNU) received a grant award of $337,000 from the M.J. Murdock Charitable Trust to establish a training and mentorship program between NNU faculty and local high school science teachers. The impact will cover four years and will liaison eight faculty members in disciplines such as biology, chemistry and engineering with nine high school science teachers. Two sets of three teachers will participate in two consecutive summers of research sessions with the NNU faculty. The teachers will have an opportunity to present their work at future academic conferences and to apply for supply grants worth up to $5,000. Source: Idaho Business Review
- The Caldwell Night Rodeo is investing $7 million over three years for an upgraded facility. The first phase will be completed in time for the rodeo this summer with the installation of a Jumbotron screen, new speakers and a new announcer’s box. The second phase will be incorporated next summer with double-faced skyboxes that allow spectators to take in a College of Idaho football game on an adjacent field. The third phase will add an additional 500 seats for the public. Source: KTVB News
- A new family medicine residency program is starting this summer at St. Alphonsus Hospital in Nampa. After years of planning, six resident physicians will begin training with the hope of retaining these residents after completion of the program. Based on research findings, most residents settle within 100 miles of where they trained. Idaho is usually towards the bottom of most studies showing physician concentrations. Source: Idaho Business Review
- The Idaho Department of Labor hosted a trade industry fair for employers seeking workers across a variety of occupations including electricians, painters, linemen, wastewater engineers and construction workers. Source: Idaho Capital Sun
Gem County
- The Emmett School District announced the launch of an online school option for its students. It offers three learning formats coined fully online instruction, hybrid learning and home-based education support. The school already has an online option for sixth through12th grade, but this new academy will include elementary students. Emmett School District has already received 70 inquiries into the program including existing homeschooling families. Source: KTVB News
Valley County
- The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers issued the discharge permit to Perpetua Resources Corporation for its Stibnite Gold Project. This does not authorize the mining operations yet as there is at least one lawsuit filed against the previous U.S. Forest Service approval but also the federal agency must approve the plan of operations. The CEO estimates the mine would generate over $1 billion in economic impact for Valley County. Source: KTVB News
- The Idaho Transportation Department announced maintenance work on Highway 55’s Rainbow Bridge spanning the Payette River. The project will continue throughout the summer with one lane travel, except for holiday weekends when the two lanes will be reinstated, although with much narrower lanes. There will also be flaggers on the river for the safety of those rafting beneath the bridge. Source: Idaho News 6
Openings
- La Catracha opened its Central American food restaurant in Boise. Source: Idaho Statesman
- North Italia opened in The Village at Meridian. It is in the former Twig’s space and is a company owned by The Cheesecake Factory. It has 45 other locations nationwide. Source: Idaho Statesman
- Zullee Mediterranean opened a second Idaho restaurant in Nampa in a space formerly occupied by QDOBA Mexican Eats. It moved its corporate office from Washington to Boise after achieving success with its first restaurant in The Village at Meridian. Source: Idaho Statesman
- First Watch, a new ‘favorite’ brunch restaurant opened in Meridian. A second Meridian restaurant is planned for later this year. Source: Idaho Statesman
- Hemlock opened in Boise’s Inn at 500. It is defined as a non-traditional steakhouse. The dress code is casual, come-as-you-are and the table-prepared sides will be a new experience for Boise diners. The restauranter also operates Spitfire Tacos + Tequila in Eagle. Source: Idaho Business Review
- Candela Viva moved from a food truck to its space in the Boise Town Square Mall’s food court. It offers Columbian cuisine and is found in the former Good Burger spot. Source: Idaho Statesman
- The Ada County Landfill hosted a ribbon cutting for its new renewable natural gas facility. It was developed and will be operated by Texas-based Biogas Development as it pulls the methane gas from the landfill, keeping it out of the atmosphere. Methane gas is naturally produced by the decomposition of organic materials. It is piped into the new facility and cleaned to pipeline quality gas with production expected to provide natural gas for 15,000-20,000 homes. The county will receive an estimated $1 million in royalties from Biogas Development. Source: KTVB News
Closures
- Lucky Perk Coffee closed its second to last coffee shop in Meridian after 22 years, originally branded as Moxie Java then relabeling in 2013. At its peak, there were six Lucky Perks across the Treasure Valley and Mountain Home. The remaining shop and trailer are in Meridian. Source: Idaho Statesman
- Deli George is closing temporarily as it moves to a new location — the former Woodland Empire Brewery in downtown Boise. The move was precipitated by a significant hike in the lease price. The restaurant had been at its location for 28 years. Source: Idaho Statesman
- Zeppole Café & Espresso Bar officially shuttered allowing the owner/operator to focus on the other restaurant that is larger and has more foot traffic, as well as the wholesale commercial bakery located in southeast Boise. The STIL announced it will fill the small space with its novelty ice cream products later this summer. Source: Idaho Statesman
- Bosnia Express announced it will close its combo sandwich shop and grocery store. It has been doing business for 20 years in Boise. Source: Idaho Statesman
Layoffs
- Earlier this year, Clearwater Analytics, a Boise based software firm, acquired Enfusion in a $1.5 billion purchase. Both companies provide software support for investment managers, while Enfusion emphasized hedge fund reporting. The company stated at the time of purchase “with the acquisition, there will be staffing efficiencies achieved amounting to about $20 million in savings, to be delivered over two and a half years.” According to the company, there have been organizational changes to position the company for long-term growth but will not confirm the type or number of layoffs. Source: Idaho Statesman
This Idaho Department of Labor project is funded by the U.S. Department of Labor for SFY25 as part of the Workforce Information grant (40%) and state/nonfederal funds (60%) totaling $885,703.
This workforce product was funded by a grant awarded by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment and Training Administration. The product was created by the recipient and does not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Labor. The U.S. Department of Labor makes no guarantees, warranties, or assurances of any kind, express or implied, with respect to such information, including any information on linked sites and including, but not limited to, accuracy of the information or its completeness, timeliness, usefulness, adequacy, continued availability, or ownership. This product is copyrighted by the institution that created it. Internal use by an organization and/or personal use by an individual for non-commercial purposes is permissible. All other uses require the prior authorization of the copyright owner.
- Labor force estimates for April 2025 from the Idaho Department of Labor’s Local Area Unemployment Statistics have total over-the-month employment increasing with unemployment decreasing in the nine-county eastern region. Seasonally adjusted, April preliminary estimates have labor force participants increasing by 2,021 people, with 183 fewer employed people and 2,204 more unemployed people. The seasonally adjusted unemployment rate for the region increased to 3.4% since last month and 0.2 percentage points higher than April 2024.
Eastern Idaho, seasonally adjusted data | Apr-25 (P) | Mar-25 (P) | Apr-24 (B) |
---|---|---|---|
Civilian labor force | 133,764 | 131,743 | 134,172 |
Total employment | 129,407 | 127,203 | 130,004 |
Unemployment | 4,357 | 4,540 | 4,168 |
% of labor force unemployed | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.1 |
P – Preliminary, R – Revised, B – Benchmarked Source: Idaho Department of Labor |
- There were an estimated 2,998 deduplicated job postings in the eastern Idaho labor market for April 2025, according to The Conference Board: Help Wanted Online. (This is regional online job postings data and not necessarily job openings data.) The 2,998 postings are a marginal increase from 2,995 the prior month and a 22% increase from 2,345 year-over-year. Retail sales supervisors replaced nursery and farm workers in the top five of unique job postings in the region for April. New to the top occupations by quantity of job postings this month were hand laborers, material movers, secondary school teachers, coaches and scouts. Employer hiring demand based on quantity of job postings increased 27% for customer service representatives, 15% for retail sales supervisors and 16% for merchandise displayers. Hiring demand decreased 9% for registered nurses and 47% for nursery farm workers since last month.
Top 10 occupations by unique job postings in eastern Idaho, April 2025 | Postings |
---|---|
Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers | 136 |
Registered salespersons | 95 |
Registered nurses | 94 |
Customer service representatives | 85 |
First-line supervisors of retail service workers | 55 |
Hand laborers, freight, stock and material movers | 48 |
Merchandise displayers and window trimmers | 44 |
Secondary school teachers | 43 |
Crop, nursery, greenhouse farmworkers and laborers | 40 |
Coaches and scouts | 39 |
Source: Conference Board data via Lightcast |
- Transportation and warehousing replaced utilities in the top five regional industries by quantity of job postings for April. Hiring demand based on total unique job postings increased over the month at 19% for retail trade, 18% for educational services, 20% in wholesale trade, 6% in construction and 11% in public administration. Hiring demand based on total job postings decreased 7% in accommodation and food services, 6% in finance and insurance, 5% in manufacturing and 7% in professional, scientific and technical industries.
Top industries by job unique postings in eastern Idaho, April 2025 | Postings |
---|---|
Retail trade | 349 |
Health care and social assistance | 335 |
Professional, scientific and technical services | 316 |
Educational services | 291 |
Administrative, support, waste management and remediation services | 262 |
Manufacturing | 221 |
Wholesale trade | 207 |
Construction | 143 |
Finance and insurance | 87 |
Public administration | 87 |
Accommodation and food services | 69 |
Transportation and warehousing | 66 |
Source: Conference Board data via Lightcast |
- Hardest-to-fill occupations in the eastern Idaho region in April, by highest median job posting duration and multiple unique job postings, included coaches, scouts, heavy and tractor trailer truck drivers and secondary school teachers. Hardest-to-fill job posting challenges in April by occupational family were engineering, construction and sales and related. All occupations were new to this month’s hardest-to-fill jobs list except wholesale, manufacturing sales representatives and occupational health and safety specialists.
Top 10 hardest-to-fill occupations in eastern Idaho, April 2025 | Days to fill | Postings |
---|---|---|
Nuclear engineers | 49 | 19 |
Coaches and scouts | 46 | 139 |
Wholesale and manufacturing sales representatives | 46 | 15 |
Sales managers | 46 | 14 |
Civil engineers | 37 | 25 |
Surveyors | 35 | 15 |
Occupational health and safety specialists | 35 | 13 |
Secondary school teachers | 35 | 43 |
Operating engineers and construction equipment operators | 34 | 24 |
Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers | 33 | 136 |
Source: Conference Board data via Lightcast |
Regional news
- The governors of Idaho, Wyoming and Utah signed a memoranda of understanding for their states to coordinate nuclear infrastructure and accelerate nuclear development. Source: Idaho Capital Sun
- The Idaho Falls Football Club hosted the largest soccer tournament in the state with 250 teams from Idaho, Utah, Montana and Wyoming. The tournament took place across nine locations around Idaho Falls. Approximately 10,000 people attended which created an estimate of over $1 million in economic impact. Source: Bonneville Youth Soccer League
- Idaho National Laboratory and Boise State University have partnered to develop 3D-printable magnetostrictive ink. The agreement will enhance advanced manufacturing research focusing on materials for extreme environments and nuclear energy. Source: Idaho Business Review
- Idaho and the U.S. Department of Energy have agreed to a 1995 nuclear waste settlement agreement waiver allowing shipment of spent nuclear fuel into Idaho for conducting research at Idaho National Laboratory. Source: Idaho National Laboratory
- The College of Eastern Idaho received Idaho’s highest institution ranking under The Carnegie Foundation’s new Institutional Classification for Student Access and Earnings by providing strong pathways for access, education and career outcomes. Source: College of Eastern Idaho
- March visitation for this year at Yellowstone National Park exceeded 33,000 people and had a 1% increase compared to March 2024. During the fiscal year ending in March 2025, over 4.74 million people visited the park, which equaled 5% more visitors, compared to 2024. Source: National Park Service
Bonneville County
- Holy Rollers, a garbage collection establishment, opened in Idaho Falls. Source: East Idaho News
- Arctic Spas Hot Tubs opened in Idaho Falls. Source: Greater Idaho Falls Chamber of Commerce
- The vacated Big Lots retail store in Idaho Falls will become a Tractor Supply Company retailer. Source: USA Today
- Super T Transport in Idaho Falls permanently closed, affecting 30 employees. Source: Idaho Department of Labor
- The Bureau of Land Management has proposed geothermal leasing of 3,740 acres in the county. Land owner lessees would allow exploration for potential future geothermal energy development. Source: Bureau of Land Management
- Habitat for Humanity began construction of affordable housing on 12 acres west of Idaho Falls. Homeowner qualification is based on financial readiness and a required 300 hours of sweat equity. Source: KIFI
- The Greater Idaho Falls Chamber of Commerce announced ribbon cutting and/or groundbreaking ceremonies at Arctic Spas Hot Tubs, Connections Credit Union, Upper Valley Tumbling, Idaho Veterans Chamber of Commerce and 710 Spectrum and Gents. These establishments either opened their doors within the past six months, moved to a new location due to expansion, or have remodeled or expanded their current location. Source: Greater Idaho Falls Chamber of Commerce
- Frontier Credit Union, headquartered in Idaho Falls, acquired First Citizens Bank of Butte to strategically expand financial services into the Montana market. Source: Frontier Credit Union
- Broulim’s Fresh Foods in Ammon donated $3,700 to Idaho Falls Rescue Mission. Source: KIFI
Custer County
- U.S. Bank permanently closed their Mackay branch. Source: East Idaho News
Jefferson County
- Tailored Canine, a dog grooming and day care service from Idaho Falls, opened another new location in Rigby. Source: Jefferson Star
- Alturas International Academy charter school has been approved for construction within the Rigby Fieldstone Meadows subdivision. Source: Jefferson Star
Madison County
- Drone Spray Pro, an establishment that uses drones to spray crops, launched in Rexburg. Source: East Idaho News
- Tal’s Auto Spa Detailing opened a shop in Rexburg. Source: East Idaho News
- Sparks Barbecue opened in Rexburg. Source: East Idaho News
- Jersey Mike’s Subs is opening a restaurant in Rexburg. Source: Idaho Business Review
- Rogue Brownies recently launched an e-commerce venture with a gourmet brownie brand and support from a new BYU-Idaho experiential learning program. Source: East Idaho News
- Stone’s Town & Country Motors in Rexburg donated $20,000 to Sugar-Salem School District 322’s future Career Technical Education Center and pledged $10,000 annually to the automotive program. Other businesses have also partnered with the district, including Taylor Chevrolet and Woody Smith Hyundai, as well as Mountain View Hospital and MadisonHealth for the nursing program. Source: East Idaho News
- James Tedjamulia from Rexburg won $10,000 from two business pitch competitions. He developed ReadBuddy AI, a software concept that uses artificial intelligence for dyslexic users learning to read. Source: East Idaho News
Teton County
- A new preschool, Tetonia Play School, opened in Tetonia. Source: Teton Valley News
- There are currently 23 pending residential subdivisions that would create 221 building lots through the county Planning and Zoning Department. Since 2022, developers have submitted 122 subdivision applications to create 1,277 lots. Source: Jackson Hole News & Guide
Eastern Idaho residential real estate statistics – May 2024 and 2025
- In the region’s largest flagship housing market, Bonneville County, there were 360 homes in inventory. However, around 200 homes were pending sale in April. This leaves a relatively small net inventory of homes for sale still to choose from, leaning more in favor of a sellers’ market. County prices have increased over the year from $402,000 to $454,000 in one year, or 13%. Home prices have also increased in the region’s second largest housing market, Madison County, by nearly 20% since April 2024.
Median price sold | Apr-25 | Apr-24 | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Bonneville | $453,600 | $402,000 | 12.8% |
Butte | $240,000 | $257,750 | -6.9% |
Clark | $342,000 | $240,000 | 42.5% |
Custer | $535,000 | $543,000 | -1.5% |
Fremont | $741,200 | $685,000 | 8.2% |
Jefferson | $479,900 | $539,000 | -11.0% |
Lemhi | $551,500 | $498,800 | 10.6% |
Madison | $516,000 | $432,300 | 19.4% |
Teton | $882,000 | $867,800 | 1.6% |
Source: RDC Inventory Core Metrics |
Active listings (inventory) | Apr-25 | Apr-24 | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Bonneville | 360 | 261 | 37.9% |
Butte | 14 | 17 | -17.6% |
Clark | 2 | 1 | 100.0% |
Custer | 27 | 27 | 0.0% |
Fremont | 87 | 82 | 6.1% |
Jefferson | 96 | 64 | 50.0% |
Lemhi | 32 | 56 | -42.9% |
Madison | 90 | 83 | 8.4% |
Teton | 125 | 66 | 89.4% |
Source: RDC Inventory Core Metrics | #Colspan# | #Colspan# | #Colspan# |
Median days on market | Apr-25 | Apr-24 | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Bonneville | 45 | 54 | -16.7% |
Butte | 136 | 67 | 103.0% |
Clark | 48 | 47 | 2.1% |
Custer | 162 | 163 | -0.6% |
Fremont | 48 | 78 | -38.5% |
Jefferson | 53 | 46 | 15.2% |
Lemhi | 89 | 119 | -25.2% |
Madison | 51 | 42 | 21.4% |
Teton | 66 | 48 | -37.5% |
Source: RDC Inventory Core Metrics | #Colspan# | #Colspan# | #Colspan# |
Total homes pending sale | Apr-25 | Apr-24 | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Bonneville | 194 | 133 | 45.9% |
Butte | 4 | 5 | -20.0% |
Clark | 3 | 1 | N/A |
Custer | 6 | 7 | -14.3% |
Fremont | 17 | 13 | 30.8% |
Jefferson | 51 | 46 | 10.9% |
Lemhi | 5 | 8 | -37.5% |
Madison | 41 | 26 | 57.7% |
Teton | 35 | 84 | -58.3% |
Source: RDC Inventory Core Metrics |
This Idaho Department of Labor project is funded by the U.S. Department of Labor for SFY25 as part of the Workforce Information grant (40%) and state/nonfederal funds (60%) totaling $885,703.
This workforce product was funded by a grant awarded by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment and Training Administration. The product was created by the recipient and does not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Labor. The U.S. Department of Labor makes no guarantees, warranties, or assurances of any kind, express or implied, with respect to such information, including any information on linked sites and including, but not limited to, accuracy of the information or its completeness, timeliness, usefulness, adequacy, continued availability, or ownership. This product is copyrighted by the institution that created it. Internal use by an organization and/or personal use by an individual for non-commercial purposes is permissible. All other uses require the prior authorization of the copyright owner.
Regional news
- Rite Aid filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in early May and might potentially close or sell all locations within the next few months while working to transfer customer prescriptions to other local pharmacies. Rite Aid currently operates eight locations within Idaho, including north central locations in both Lewiston and Moscow. Source: Rite Aid
Nez Perce County
- Lewis-Clark State College (LCSC) and Idaho State University (ISU) signed a memorandum of understanding to jointly offer a five-year program for completion of both a Bachelor of Science in Exercise Science and a Master of Science in Athletic Training. Students will study exercise science for three years at LCSC and will then transfer to ISU for the final two years. Source: Big Country News
- Lewis-Clark State College (LCSC) awarded 753 graduates with 892 degrees and certificates during the 2025 spring commencement.This compares with 748 graduates earning 917 degrees and certificates in the spring of 2024. LCSC also recognized 15 graduates (seven associate degrees and eight business essential certificates) of the Idaho Correctional Institution in Orofino and 87 GED graduates during the year. Source: Lewis-Clark State College
- Job fairs were hosted by both Hobby Lobby and Courtyard by Marriott in preparation for their brand-new locations opening summer of 2025 in Lewiston. Source: Hobby Lobby, Courtyard by Marriott
- CCI ammunition was awarded the 2024 Gold Award for Rimfire Ammunition by readers of Tactical Retailer and Shooting Sports Retailer. Source: The Kinetic Group
- During the first quarter of 2025, the Environmental Protection Agency enacted a $440,000 settlement against Clearwater Paper in Lewiston for violation of the Clean Air Act. The claim was related to Clearwater Paper’s pulp bleach system chlorine gas releases during 2019-2020. This follows a $322,000 civil penalty assessed against Clearwater Paper in June 2024. Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Clearwater Paper
- Some county departments will begin transferring from the current Nez Perce County Courthouse to the newly constructed building beginning as early as the last week of May 2025. Source: Nez Perce County
Idaho County
- The Idaho Transportation Department has begun construction on a new 1.1 mile passing lane on Highway 95 south of Ferdinand. The project is expected to be completed by the end of August. Source: Pullman Radio
- The Hope Center in Grangeville is transitioning to become the Reliance Center of North Central Idaho. The partnership with Lewiston’s Reliance Center will expand services in women’s reproductive health care, pregnancy testing, ultrasounds, sexually transmitted infection testing and school outreach programs. The grand opening of the Grangeville location is scheduled for October 2025. Source: Big Country News Connection
Latah County
- The University of Idaho awarded over 2,300 degrees during the 2024-2025 academic year. The degree mix included around 30 associate degrees, 1,100 bachelor’s degrees, 300-400 master’s degrees, 28 doctoral degrees and 132 juris doctorates. Degree awards in 2025 were similar to degree counts reported in 2024. Source: University of Idaho
- Construction of the brand-new Home Depot store in Moscow is complete and the store will open the last week of May. Source: Home Depot
- The Latah Recovery Center has expanded services to the area by opening the Whitman Recovery Community Center in Pullman, Washington. The space will serve as a peer recovery community center supported by volunteers, staff and certified peer counselors. Source: Lewiston Tribune
- The Latah County Commissioners agreed to merge the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) and driver licensing offices. As a result of the combined operations, employees will be trained to handle both DMV and licensing duties. Source: Lewiston Tribune
- Kimberling Insurance in Moscow was selected as Senator Risch’s Small Business of the Month for May 2025. Source: Pullman Radio
Clearwater County
- Orofino City Council approved the Airport Master Plan and it will be sent to the Federal Aviation Administration for approval. Key projects within the next five years include extension of the runway safety area and to build the remaining section of the parallel taxiway. Source: Clearwater Tribune
Openings
- Lewis Clark Building Contractors Association, Lewiston
- Hoot’s Shop & Stay convenience store and motel, White Bird
- Downtown Bourbon, Lewiston
- Buckshot Pizza, Kamiah
- Persephone Wine & Cider Bar, Moscow
- Home Depot, Moscow
- The Woodsmen Steakhouse, Juliaetta
Closings
- JOANN Fabrics & Craft Store, Moscow
This Idaho Department of Labor project is funded by the U.S. Department of Labor for SFY25 as part of the Workforce Information grant (40%) and state/nonfederal funds (60%) totaling $885,703.
This workforce product was funded by a grant awarded by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment and Training Administration. The product was created by the recipient and does not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Labor. The U.S. Department of Labor makes no guarantees, warranties, or assurances of any kind, express or implied, with respect to such information, including any information on linked sites and including, but not limited to, accuracy of the information or its completeness, timeliness, usefulness, adequacy, continued availability, or ownership. This product is copyrighted by the institution that created it. Internal use by an organization and/or personal use by an individual for non-commercial purposes is permissible. All other uses require the prior authorization of the copyright owner.
Regional labor market information
Figure 1.Top 10 occupations by unique job postings in south central Idaho | Postings, Apr-25 | Postings, Apr-24 |
---|---|---|
Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers | 142 | 92 |
Registered nurses | 118 | 126 |
Retail salespersons | 101 | 138 |
Customer service representatives | 70 | 65 |
First-line supervisors of retail sales workers | 59 | 60 |
Farmworkers, laborers, crop, nursery and greenhouse | 57 | 30 |
Merchandise displayers and window trimmers | 56 | 46 |
Laborers, freight, stock, material movers and hand | 54 | 51 |
Maintenance and repair workers, general | 43 | 41 |
Stockers and order fillers | 39 | 37 |
Source: Conference Board data via Lightcast |
Top 10 industries by unique job postings in south central Idaho | Postings, Apr-25 | Postings, Apr-24 |
---|---|---|
Manufacturing | 416 | 345 |
Health care and social assistance | 403 | 448 |
Retail trade | 357 | 431 |
Finance and insurance | 302 | 108 |
Professional, scientific and technical services | 186 | 153 |
Construction | 137 | 109 |
Wholesale trade | 126 | 128 |
Administrative, support, waste management and remediation services | 122 | 122 |
Educational services | 100 | 42 |
Accommodation and food services | 90 | 85 |
Source: Conference Board data via Lightcast |
- Construction, educational services, finance and insurance job postings increased 25%, 138% and 179% respectively over the year. Health care, social assistance and retail trade decreased 10% and 17% respectively.
Top 10 hardest-to-fill occupations in south central Idaho | Days to fill, Apr-25 | Days to fill, Apr-24 |
---|---|---|
Surgical technologists | 59 | N/A |
Anesthesiologists | 56 | N/A |
Occupational therapy assistants | 56 | N/A |
Labor related specialists | 55 | N/A |
Financial managers | 54 | 31 |
Conservation scientists | 50 | N/A |
Chemical equipment operators and tendors | 50 | N/A |
Cardiologists | 50 | 42 |
Property, real estate and community association managers | 49 | N/A |
Computer network architects | 49 | N/A |
Source: Conference Board data via Lightcast |
Regional news
Cassia County
- The Bank of Commerce had its grand opening in Burley. Source: Magic Valley Times News
Gooding County
- The Gooding Pro Rodeo is adding some new upgrades before its 100-year anniversary this year. One hundred and twenty-five new seats will be added, in addition to installing jumbotrons for better viewing. Source: KMVT
Twin Falls County
- St. Luke’s Magic Valley Medical Center is working with the College of Southern Idaho to create a part-time registered nursing program. It would take a student an additional year to complete, but their work can be done in the evenings and their clinical on the weekends. This program will help those with current work schedules or child care issues to be able to work towards a new path in a way that works for them. Source: KMVT
- St. Luke’s Health System opened a retail pharmacy in Twin Falls, which can be used whether you are a St. Luke’s patient or not. Source: Magic Valley Times News
- Sierra, an outdoor and activewear product retailer, has opened in Twin Falls. Source: Magic Valley Times News
This Idaho Department of Labor project is funded by the U.S. Department of Labor for SFY25 as part of the Workforce Information grant (40%) and state/nonfederal funds (60%) totaling $885,703.
This workforce product was funded by a grant awarded by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment and Training Administration. The product was created by the recipient and does not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Labor. The U.S. Department of Labor makes no guarantees, warranties, or assurances of any kind, express or implied, with respect to such information, including any information on linked sites and including, but not limited to, accuracy of the information or its completeness, timeliness, usefulness, adequacy, continued availability, or ownership. This product is copyrighted by the institution that created it. Internal use by an organization and/or personal use by an individual for non-commercial purposes is permissible. All other uses require the prior authorization of the copyright owner.
Regional labor market information
- Labor force estimates for April 2025 from the Idaho Department of Labor’s Local Area Unemployment Statistics had total employment increasing and total unemployment decreasing in the seven-county southeastern region. Seasonally adjusted, April’s preliminary estimates have labor force participants increasing by 548 people, with 719 more employed people and 171 less unemployed people. The seasonally adjusted unemployment rate is 3.5%, which decreased 0.2% from March 2025 and stayed the same in April 2024.
Southeastern Idaho, seasonally adjusted data | Apr-25 (P) | Mar-25 (R) | Apr-24 (B) |
---|---|---|---|
Civilian labor force | 87,935 | 87,387 | 86,489 |
Total employment | 84,889 | 84,170 | 83,426 |
Unemployment | 3,046 | 3,217 | 3,063 |
% of labor force unemployed | 3.5% | 3.7% | 3.5% |
Source: Idaho Department of Labor | P – Preliminary, R – Revised, B – Benchmarked |
- In April 2025 there were 1,452 unique online job postings in the southeastern Idaho labor market area, which decreased 4% from the prior month at 1,512 and increased 2% over the year at 1,428. The median job posting duration was 30 days, which decreased by one day from March and increased six days compared to April 2024.
Top 10 occupations by unique job postings in southeastern Idaho | Postings, Apr-25 | Postings, Apr-24 |
---|---|---|
Registered nurses | 60 | 67 |
Retail salespersons | 55 | 84 |
Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers | 46 | 45 |
Stockers and order fillers | 34 | 15 |
Coaches and scouts | 31 | 1 |
Customer service representatives | 31 | 28 |
Merchandise displayers and window trimmers | 26 | 18 |
Laborers, freight, stock, material movers and hand | 25 | 27 |
Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners | 22 | 9 |
First-line supervisors of retail sales workers | 20 | 33 |
Source: Conference Board data via Lightcast |
- The top occupational families by unique online job postings in southeastern Idaho for April were health care and transportation. Among specific occupations include registered nurses (60), retail sales (55) and truck drivers (46). Job postings for coaches and scouts increased to 31 — a notable increase from one posting in 2024.
Top 10 industries by unique job postings in southeastern Idaho | Postings, Apr-25 | Postings, Apr-24 |
---|---|---|
General medical and surgical hospitals | 172 | 146 |
Direct health and medical insurance carriers | 67 | 59 |
College, universities and professional schools | 60 | 68 |
Other general government support | 57 | 30 |
Engineering services | 43 | 7 |
Supermarkets and other grocery retailers (except convenience retailers) | 41 | 28 |
Elementary and secondary schools | 34 | 6 |
Frozen fruit, juice and vegetable manufacturing | 32 | 19 |
Lessors of other real estate property | 32 | 40 |
Automotive parts and accessories retailers | 27 | 21 |
Source: Conference Board data via Lightcast |
- Health care, social assistance, retail, trade and manufacturing are at the top of broadly defined industries by unique online job postings in April. This includes general medical and surgical hospitals, supermarkets, frozen fruit and vegetable manufacturing. Engineering postings increased substantially year over year as did elementary schools and general hospitals. Colleges, universities and professional schools — as well as lessors of other real estate property — saw some small decreases in postings year over year.
Top 10 hardest-to-fill occupations in southeastern Idaho | Median duration, Apr-25 | Unique postings, Apr-25 |
---|---|---|
Security guards | 58 | 3 |
Tire repairers and changers | 56 | 7 |
Speech-language pathologists | 56 | 3 |
Dining room, cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers | 53 | 6 |
Instructional coordinators | 53 | 2 |
Mental health and substance abuse social workers | 52 | 1 |
First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service and groundskeeping workers | 48 | 2 |
First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers | 47 | 11 |
Maids and housekeeping cleaners | 47 | 4 |
Environmental scientists and specialists, including health | 46 | 5 |
Source: Conference Board data via Lightcast |
- Based on the hiring challenges by median number of days an occupational job posting is listed, security guards (58), tire changers (56), speech pathologists (56) and cafeteria attendants (53) stood out. Of these top hardest-to-fill occupations, none of them were in the top 10 for most in demand. Food preparation supervisors had 11 job postings which were the most unique from the list.
County housing data, April 2025 | Median listing price | Month over month price change | Median days on the market | Active listings |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bannock | $422,500 | 3.05% | 53 | 237 |
Bear Lake | $604,000 | 0.83% | 62 | 61 |
Bingham | $452,500 | 0.00% | 57 | 115 |
Caribou | $388,500 | -6.95% | 52 | 31 |
Franklin | $507,495 | -7.73% | 43 | 53 |
Oneida | $392,975 | 9.46% | 152 | 21 |
Power | $445,000 | 7.23% | 59 | 21 |
Source: Realtor.com Economic Research |
- In April, Bear Lake County continued its upward price trend, but didn’t get near 46% from last month. Regardless, this county continues to have the highest median price in the southeastern region. Price changes across the board weren’t as noticeable with the greatest increase in Oneida County at 9.46% and a decrease in Franklin County at 7.73%. Franklin County was also the hottest market with a median of 43 days on the market. The county with the longest median time on the market was still Oneida at 152 days. Caribou County had the lowest median price of $388,500.
Regional news
- US Bank in Montpelier, Malad and Blackfoot are slated to close. Source: The News Examiner
Bannock County
- Some Walmart stores in Bannock County, along with stores in Texas and Kentucky, have begun selling Lava Hot Springs Inn Mineral Water. Source: Idaho State Journal
- Idaho State University’s College of Business received a $3,000,000 endowment from an anonymous donor. The college plans to invest in things like scholarships, class activities and renovations. Source: Idaho State Journal
- Pocatello Animal Services closed temporarily due to the detection of canine parvovirus. Source: KPVI News
- The Portneuf Valley Technical Education and Career Campus had its ribbon cutting after finishing renovations. Partially operating since 2023, the campus will soon operate at full capacity. Source: Idaho State Journal
- The Pocatello Rotary Club issued a $1,166 grant to the Idaho Food Bank in Pocatello. Source: KPVI News
- The Portneuf Valley Farmers Market began its season, bringing fresh food, art and music once again to Pocatello. Source: Idaho State Journal
- Phil Meador Subaru issued a $16,500 grant to the Bannock Humane Society. This comes at a time known as “kitten season” to the organization where expenses are up as the inflow of new kittens and the cost of fixing them increase. The grant will also help pay for other general medical expenses and food. Source: Idaho State Journal
- Pedal Fest Inc., a trail maintenance nonprofit, was reconstituted into the Portneuf Valley Trails Alliance. Source: Idaho State Journal
- The Thunderbird Motel in Pocatello has new ownership. Siblings of the Robertson family hope to shake off the motel’s negative reputation and transform it into affordable housing. Source: East Idaho News
- Premier Eye Care held a groundbreaking in Chubbuck for its new clinic. Construction is expected to be completed by February 2026. Source: Idaho State Journal
- Lava Elementary in Lava Hot Springs closed due to low enrollment. Staff and teachers have moved forward with a plan to turn the elementary into a charter school. Source: Idaho State Journal
- Brindle Up Hope, a nonprofit horse ranch for girls and women, held a ribbon cutting. The ranch hopes to help women and girls over the age of 11 to learn to care for a horse. Source: KPVI News
- Homefire Comfort Foods is a new barbecue food truck open in Pocatello. Source: Idaho State Journal
- Bingham Healthcare opened a new tele-pharmacy. Source: Idaho State Journal
- Mike’s Music, Petersen Inc. and Sumisu Sushi all closed in Pocatello. Source: East Idaho News, Idaho State Journal
Bear Lake County
- Bear Lake Middle School in the city of Montpelier was recognized as an Idaho STEM Designated School. It was listed as one of 12 schools statewide and was the only public middle school to receive the accreditation. Source: The News Examiner
- Bear Lake High School won its sixth consecutive welding competition for the annual Idaho State University Rocky Mountain Welding Shootout. Source: The News Examiner
Bingham County
- The Blackfoot Animal Shelter opened. The new facility will be able to house 65 dogs and 40-50 cats. Source: Idaho State Journal
- The Shoshone Bannock Community Health Center broke ground on its new clinic. The clinic will replace the current clinic and will include an in-house pharmacy, exam rooms, labs and physical therapy. Source: KPVI News
- Zions Bank issued a $2,000 grant to purchase “Halo Swivel Bassinets” at the Grove Creek Medical Center. This enables newborns to sleep safely near their mothers at the hospital. Source: Idaho State Journal
Franklin County
- Strawberry Canyon had a controlled burn as part of the Vegetation Enhancement Project. The burn will improve forest health and resilience by reducing foliage density, while also reducing built-up sticks and leaves that can serve as fuel for an uncontrolled forest fire. Source: News Examiner
- The Children’s Developmental Disability Center purchased a new bus from a donation campaign that successfully raised $25,000. The bus will replace the old bus that experienced a breakdown. Source: The Preston Citizen
Oneida County
- The Oneida County Pioneer Museum is holding a fundraising campaign to finance remodeling and preservation for their 1914 building. Source: Idaho Enterprise
Power County
- The CEO of Power County Hospital, Dallas Clinger, announced his retirement after 19 years. Source: The Power County Press
This Idaho Department of Labor project is funded by the U.S. Department of Labor for SFY25 as part of the Workforce Information grant (40%) and state/nonfederal funds (60%) totaling $885,703.
This workforce product was funded by a grant awarded by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment and Training Administration. The product was created by the recipient and does not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Labor. The U.S. Department of Labor makes no guarantees, warranties, or assurances of any kind, express or implied, with respect to such information, including any information on linked sites and including, but not limited to, accuracy of the information or its completeness, timeliness, usefulness, adequacy, continued availability, or ownership. This product is copyrighted by the institution that created it. Internal use by an organization and/or personal use by an individual for non-commercial purposes is permissible. All other uses require the prior authorization of the copyright owner.